The inflammation is usually the result of a fungal or bacterial infection. This can be caused by an abdominal injury, an underlying medical condition, or a treatment device, such as a dialysis catheter or feeding tube. Peritonitis is a serious condition that needs immediate medical attention. Prompt intravenous IV antibiotics are needed to treat the infection. Surgery is sometimes necessary to remove infected tissue.
There are two types of peritonitis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis SBP is the result of an infection of the fluid in your peritoneal cavity. Kidney or liver failure can cause this condition. People on peritoneal dialysis for kidney failure are also at increased risk for SBP. Symptoms will vary depending on the underlying cause of your infection. Common symptoms of peritonitis include:. You may also notice redness or feel pain around your catheter.
If you have symptoms of peritonitis, seek medical attention right away. Delaying your treatment could put your life at risk. Your doctor will ask you about your medical history and perform a complete physical exam. This will include touching or pressing on your abdomen, which will probably cause some discomfort. Multiplanar CT images showed moderate, multi-compartmental ascitic fluid associated with enhancing peritoneal serosa, median medium-sized uterus with intracavitary IUD, right-sided adnexal fluid-attenuating tubular structure with enhancing walls.
Additional findings included inhomogeneously perfused liver with periportal oedema, right-sided lung base atelectasis and pleural effusion. Urgent surgery confirmed peritonitis with pelvic inflammatory disease PID including dominant right-sided pyosalpinx, treated with salpingo-oophorectomy and appendectomy.
Vaginal fluid and smear cultures disclosed positivity for Escherichia coli and Candida species. IUD removal was necessary. Pathology findings confirmed purulent-necrotic PID. In nonpregnant women with pelvic pain and tenderness, fever, mucopurulent discharge, PID is at the top of differential diagnosis [1, 2]. Currently re-emerging as a birth control method, intrauterine contraceptive devices IUD raise concerns about increased risk of PID and complications such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy, although extent of risk and causal relationship are unclear.
Device positioning introduces temporary uterine microbial contamination, resulting in a 3- to 9-fold increased incidence of PID during the first month. In IUD users, risk of PID is strongly related to having multiple sexual partners, high coital frequency and pre-existent genital infections [4, 5]. Immunocompromised women have a slightly increased risk Imaging PID is necessary in unresponsive cases or with suspected complications [1, 2]. Although ultrasound is preferred to investigate females with genital complaints, multidetector CT is increasingly used to investigate acute abdomino-pelvic conditions.
Find articles by Elisa Arici. Find articles by Arnaldo Caruso. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Apr 3; Accepted Apr This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Pelvic inflammatory disease PID , a serious infection in sexually active women, is one of the reasons for which females seek care in emergency departments and therefore represents an important public health problem.
Introduction Pelvic inflammatory disease PID is an acute infection of the upper genital tract involving all neighboring structures as a consequence of ascending infections from the lower genital tract. Open in a separate window.
Figure 1. Discussion Acute abdominal pain represents a clinical and radiologic problem. Author Contributions All the authors contributed to this work, read and approved the paper. Funding This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Soper D. Pelvic inflammatory disease. Taylor B. Risk factors for Mycoplasma genitalium endometritis and incident infection: A secondary data analysis of the T cell response against Chlamydia TRAC study.
Sex Transm. Haggerty C. Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. McCormac W. Spiteri G. Unemo M. The novel WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations: Phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization. Martin I. Rapid sequence-based identification of gonococcal transmission clusters in a large metropolitan area. Tanaka M. Antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and high prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates in Japan, to PID affects the upper female genital tract including the cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
Each year, there are approximately , cases of symptomatic PID in Canada, and up to two-thirds of cases go unrecognized. It's the leading cause of tubal infertility in young women, but it can usually be prevented if STIs are detected and treated early. One of the long-term consequences of PID is chronic pelvic pain. PID is caused by a bacterial infection in parts of the upper reproductive tract.
The most commonly affected organs include the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus. The bacteria most commonly associated with PID are Neisseria gonorrheae and Chlamydia trachomatis , but bacteria normally present in the vagina and cervix may also be involved.
The cervix produces mucus that normally prevents bacteria from spreading to the upper reproductive tract. Researchers believe that the bacteria migrate upwards when this normal body defense is not working at its strongest i. It rarely develops before onset of first menses, after menopause, or during pregnancy.
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