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Political history in the 20th century. Europe: a global power. The 19th century — an age of revolutions! Taking inspiration from the French Revolution of , people across Europe challenged aristocratic ruling classes and fought for the development of civil and human rights, democracy and national independence. Nationalism emerged as a revolutionary claim promising citizens more involvement in democracy, but it was exclusive, imagining a world of national territories inhabited by ethnically similar people.
Some visionary Europeans, however, hoped for the unity of the continent beyond national allegiances. Political change. The revolutionaries across Europe challenged aristocratic privileges and traditional orders.
In particular, the revolutions of were a milestone in the fight for equality, self-determination and human rights, goals which have strong echoes for our own times. The French Revolution of was a turning point in European history.
Legends, myths and a glorious past all became important elements for national movements trying to forge a national identity — an identity that was imagined as separate and unique from others.
Flags, anthems and symbols were just some of the devices used by national movements to achieve these goals and enhance their self-image. Steam, smoke, factories, noise — all announced the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. To different degrees manufacturing then spread across Europe turning the continent into the world centre of industrialisation, finance and commerce. New technical innovations initiated industrial progress with steam power driving the development of heavy industry.
Methods of production were totally transformed and large factories with thousands of workers mass produced industrial and consumer goods. The Communist Manifesto. Working class. Workers in the 19th century were wage labourers who did not have legal protection or social security. They often had to work and live in appalling conditions.
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