This has resulted in a severe decrease in groundwater reserves in certain parts of the country. There is an urgent need for establishing proper irrigation methods to ensure higher productivity while minimising the use of groundwater.
There is urgent need of enhancement of Minimum Support Price from current Rs. Besides, enhancement of MSP, Central and State government should ensure hassle free procurement of rice and establish post harvest management facility in the country. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Oryza is thought to have originated about 14 million years ago in Malesia. Since then, it has evolved, diversified, and dispersed, and wild Oryza species are now distributed throughout the tropics.
Their genomes can be classified into 11 groups labeled AA to LL, and most of the species can be grouped into four complexes of closely related species in two major sections of the genus Table 1. Just two species, both diploids, have no close relatives and are placed in their own sections of the genus: O.
Rice goes through a series of processes before finally reaching the table. Its production can generally be divided into the following stages: Seed selection, Land preparation, Crop establishment, Water management, Nutrient management, Crop health, Harvesting, and Postharvest. After harvest, the rice grain undergoes a number of processes depending on how it will be used.
These include, drying, storing, milling, processing, and packing — all before they are delivered to markets for sale.
Global rice production more than tripled between and , with a compound growth rate of 2. This increase was slightly greater than that for wheat 2. Most of the increase in rice production was due to higher yields, which increased at an annual average rate of 1. In absolute terms, paddy yields increased at an annual average rate of Rice is grown by more people than any other crop in the world.
Another school of thought believes that the rice plant may have originated in southern India, then spread to the north of the country and then onwards to China. It then arrived in Korea, the Philippines about B. The journey of rice around the world has been slow, but once it took root it stayed and became a major agriculture and economic product for the people.
In the Indian subcontinent more than a quarter of the cultivated land is given to rice It is a very essential part of the daily meal in the southern and eastern parts of India. In the northern and central parts of the subcontinent, where wheat is frequently eaten, rice holds its own and is cooked daily as well as on festivals and special occasions.
India is an important centre of rice cultivation. The rice is cultivated on the largest areas in India. Historians believe that while the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas i. Perennial wild rice still grow in Assam and Nepal. It seems to have appeared around BC in southern India after its domestication in the northern plains. It then spread to all the fertile alluvial plains watered by rivers.
Some says that the word rice is derived from the Tamil word arisi. In India rice is grown under widely varying conditions of altitude and climate. Each rice plant will produce four or five tillers. Being a crop that tillers, the primary tillers branches grow from the lowermost nodes of the transplanted seedlings and this will further give rise to secondary and tertiary tillers. Every tiller grows a flowering head or panicle. The panicle produces the rice grains.
The plants grow rapidly, ultimately reaching a height of 90 cm 3 feet. By late summer, the grain begins to appear in long panicles on the top of the plant. By the end of summer, grain heads are mature and ready to be harvested. When still covered by the brown hull rice is known as paddy.
Depending on the size of the operation and the amount of mechanization, rice is either harvested by hand or machine. The different harvesting systems are as follows:. Methods of growing differ greatly in different localities, but in most Asian countries the traditional hand methods of cultivating and harvesting rice are still practiced. The fields are allowed to drain before cutting. Manual harvesting makes use of sharp knives or sickles, traditional threshing tools such as threshing racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling.
In the United States and in many parts of Europe, rice cultivation has undergone the same mechanization at all stages of cultivation and harvesting as have other grain crops. The soil dries out in time for harvest to commence. Farmers use large, conventional grain harvesters to mechanically harvest rice in autumn. Because quality is so important, these harvesters are designed to both gently and rapidly bring the grain in from the fields.
Timing field draining and harvest are keys to high head rice yields. Other harvesting factors that affect head rice yield include grain moisture content, field rewetting of grain, severe threshing impacts and excessive foreign matter trash in rice.
Rice quality may be lower if rice is harvested either at high or low moisture contents. The ends of wet rice kernels grind off and become dust as they are processed. Rice may crack if it dries to below 15 percent moisture content. Rapid rewetting, once rice reaches 15 percent or less moisture content, is a key cause for lowered head rice yields. The recommended harvest range to avoid quality or yield reductions is 17 to 21 percent moisture.
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